「關係相容性的科學背後」

Dandine-Roulland C，Laurent R，Dall'Ara I，Toupance B和Chaix R（2019） 人类 MHC 不相配交配的基因组证据

Birnbaum GE, Zholtack K, Mizrahi M & Ein-Dor T (2019) 苦药：停用口服避孕药增强了人们的吸引力另类伴侣 Evolutionary Psychological Science volume 5, pages 276–285

*** 激素避孕藥改變了女性對伴侶的偏好，使其傾向於更有照顧能力的男性，但停止使用後，這些偏好會恢復，在高生育期時尤其會增強對更具遺傳相容性的男性的吸引力，可能會促使尋求替代伴侶。

Wedekind C (2019) 預測氣味的愉悅度與強度之間的相互作用，為女性的主要組織相容性複合體社交信號提供了證據。. Proc. R. Soc. B 285:20172714.

*** 本文描述了主要免疫遺傳學复合體（MHC）與人類氣味偏好之間的關聯，辯論了以往的發現，並分析了腋下刮鬍和其他因素如何影響身體氣味的感知及其與MHC的聯繫，重新分析過去的數據表明，氣味的愉悅度和強度可以與MHC的不相似性互動，從而影響通過氣味的社會信號，暗示MHC、氣味感知和社會溝通之間存在復雜的關係。

Wu K, Chen C, Moyzis RK, Nuno M, Yu Z and Greenberger E (2018) 不僅僅是表面：基於主要組織相容性複合體（MHC）的亞裔美國人快速約會者之間的吸引力 Evolution and Human Behavior. 39(4):447-456.

*** 在速配約會的情境中，婦女會根據主要免疫相容性复合（MHC）通過SNP分析來偏好某些伴侶，而不同的SNP會根據與主要HLA基因的距離而有不同的吸引力，而MHC基準與自我報告的個性特徵在預測兩性的第二次約會邀請時有相當的影響力。

Henningsson S, Hovey D, Vass K, Walum H, Sandnabba K, Santtila P, Jern P, Westberg L (2017) 在假定的費洛蒙受體基因 VN1R1 中，一種錯義多態性與社交性行為相關聯。. Transl Psychiatry. 7(4):e1102.

*** 研究發現，VN1R1基因的多型性與女性的社會性行為有顯著關聯，尤其是與一夜情有關，這表明化學信號可能在調節人類社會互動中起到作用，VN1R1基因與人類鼻腔型一受體1（費洛蒙作用系統的一部分）有關。

Burger D、Meuwly C、Marti E、Sieme H、Oberthür M、Janda J、Meinecke-Tillmann S 及 Wedekind C（2017） 「母馬（Equus caballus）在滯熱期間的MHC相關偏好。」

Sherlock JM, Sidari MJ, Harris EA, Barlow FK, Zietsch BP (2016) 測試女性高潮的伴侶選擇假說：理清特徵和行為 . Socioaffect Neurosci Psychol. 6:31562.

*** 研究顯示，女性在與不同的伴侶交往時，對於高頻率的高潮反應會更加歡迎，因為這些伴侶會被認為更有幽默感、更有創造力、更溫暖、更忠誠，並且會更加關注伴侶的性滿足，部分支持女性高潮作為選擇高品質伴侶的機制的假設。

Kromer J, Hummel T, Pietrowski D, Giani AS, Sauter J, Ehninger G, Schmidt AH, Croy I (2016) HLA對人類伴侶關係和性滿意度的影響. Sci Rep. 6:32550.

*** 研究表明，在人類中，HLA（免疫系統的一個遺傳成分）的不相似性可能通過檢測與基因相容性相關的嗅覺細胞來影響配偶選擇和性滿足，類似於其他動物中觀察到的機制，促進子代的基因多樣性和對病原體的抵抗力。

Wlodarski R. and Dunbar RIM. (2015) 吻中包含什麼？浪漫親吻對伴侶吸引力的影響. Evol Psychol. ; 12(1): 178–199.

*** 本研究發現，被認為的浪漫親吻能力會影響對潛在伴侶的評價，尤其是在非正式性行為情境中，對女性的吸引力會更高；而在某些交配情境中，視覺暗示可以抵銷親吻相關資訊的影響，但有吸引力的視覺資訊對男性的影響似乎比對女性更加強烈，這暗示親吻在傳達伴侶品質和吸引力時，與其他暗示一樣，扮演著多面向的角色。

Burger D、Dolivo G、Marti E、Sieme H 和 Wedekind C（2015） 「馬（Equus caballus）的雌性主要組織相容性复合體型對其雄性的睾丸素水平和精子數量有影響」

Christakis NA and Fowler JH (2014) 友谊与自然选择 PNAS. 11:10796–10801.

*** 研究表明，人類往往會與擁有相似基因型的人形成友誼，相當於第四代表親，在整個基因組中，雖然有些基因型是正相關的（同質性），但也有些是負相關的（異質性），其中某些基因集與嗅覺和免疫系統有關，可能會影響友誼的形成，提出朋友可能充當“功能親屬”，並暗示同質性基因型可能提供協同適應優勢，這些優勢可能影響了近代人類的進化。

Laurent R and Chaix R (2012) 在假定的費洛蒙受體基因 VN1R1 中，一種錯義多態性與社交性行為相關聯。 BioEssays. 34(4):267-71.

*** .

Lie HC, Simmons LH and Rhodes G (2010) 人類孤立群體中HLA、繁殖能力和配偶選擇的研究 . Evolution and Human Behavior 31:8–58.

*** This study explores the influence of genetic factors, particularly the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), on mate preferences in humans, discovering that males tend to prefer MHC-dissimilar females in both short-term and long-term mating contexts, while genetic diversity impacts both male and female partner preferences across different mating contexts, thus supporting a significant role for the MHC in human mate selection and suggesting that these preferences might function to enhance genetic diversity in offspring.

Lie HC, Rhodes G and Simmons LH (2010) 人類孤立群體中HLA、繁殖能力和配偶選擇的研究? Animal Behaviour. 79, 4:903-909

*** This study indicates that in humans, particularly females, genetic diversity, especially within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), is associated with greater mating success, measured by the number of sexual partners, supporting the concept that genetic factors, potentially related to immune system functioning, play a role in human mating success, while no significant association was found in males.

Chaix R, Cao C, and Donnelly P (2008) 人類孤立群體中HLA、繁殖能力和配偶選擇的研究? PLOS Genetics, 4 (9)

*** The study indicates that while European American populations may prefer MHC-dissimilar mates, selecting for diversity in offspring's immune systems, such a pattern is not found in the examined African population, suggesting MHC's influence on mate choice can be context-dependent and potentially shaped by various factors.

Schwensow N, Fietz J, Dausmann K, Sommer S (2008) MHC-associated mating strategies and the importance of overall genetic diversity in an obligate pair-living primate . Evol Ecol. (22) 617-636

*** The study explores mate choice in the fat-tailed dwarf lemur, finding females prefer males with greater MHC-genetic diversity and lower MHC overlap as both social and genetic fathers, while overall genetic heterozygosity and relatedness do not significantly influence mate selection; extra-pair matings might occur to mitigate genetic incompatibility, highlighting a complex interplay of "good-genes-as-heterozygosity" and "disassortative mating" hypotheses in primate mating strategies.

Wedekind C (2007) HLA對人類伴侶關係和性滿意度的影響 Evolutionary Psychology.5(2): 330-343

*** This experiment reveals a connection between the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) and the verbal descriptions of human body odors, demonstrating that professional perfumers can, to some extent, articulate MHC-correlated body odor components, underscoring the MHC's influence on human olfactory perception and possibly, mate selection, given the MHC's critical role in immune system functioning and previously noted impact on body odor and mate choice.

Garver-Apgar CE, Gangestad SW, Thornill R, Miller RD and Olp JJ (2006) MHC II 類相容性在有反覆自然流產的夫妻的流產胎兒和足月嬰兒中的研究 Psychol Sci, 17(10): 830-835.

*** In the context of romantic couples, the study finds that as the proportion of shared Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) alleles increases, women’s sexual responsivity to their partners decreases, while their number of extra-pair sexual partners and attraction to men other than their primary partners, especially during their fertile phase, increases, suggesting that MHC-dissimilarity might play a role in sexual attraction and partner selection, potentially driven by underlying genetic and reproductive strategies to enhance offspring immunocompetence by maintaining genetic diversity.

Roberts CE, Gosling LM, Carter V and Petrie M (2006) HLA對人類伴侶關係和性滿意度的影響 Proc. R. Soc. B 275, 2715–2722

*** This study investigates how oral contraceptives influence women's preferences for certain male odours, which are known to be influenced by genes in the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC). Previous research has indicated that female preference for MHC-dissimilar male odour may function to increase offspring heterozygosity or minimize inbreeding. Interestingly, it has also been suggested that women using oral contraceptives tend to prefer the scent of MHC-similar males, which runs contrary to this logic. The study utilized a longitudinal design to test women before and after initiating contraceptive pill use, comparing their preferences to a control group of non-pill users. While the study didn’t find a significant difference in ratings between odours of MHC-dissimilar and MHC-similar men during the follicular cycle phase in general, it did unearth that single women tended to prefer the odour of MHC-similar men, whereas women in relationships leaned towards the odour of MHC-dissimilar men. This latter finding aligns.

Wedekind C (2006) HLA對人類伴侶關係和性滿意度的影響 ? Evolutionary Psychology. 4:85-94

*** This research discerns relationships between a few MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex) genes and the intensity and pleasantness of men's body odors, discovering that men with at least one homozygous MHC antigen don't emit notably more intense odors than heterozygotes, yet their scents are perceived as significantly stronger by women with dissimilar MHC.

Pause BM, Krauel K, Schrader C, Sojka B, Westphal E, Mu¨ller-Ruchholtz W, and Ferstl R. (2006) The human brain is a detector of chemosensorily transmitted HLA-class I-similarity in same- and opposite-sex relations Proc. R. Soc. B (2006) 273, 471–478 doi:10.1098/rspb.2005.3342

*** This study reveals that humans subconsciously detect and respond to body odors from individuals with similar HLA (Human Leucocyte Antigen) genetic markers, which might play a critical role in social interactions and mate selection by acting as subtle social signals within both same-sex and opposite-sex relationships..

Martins Y, Preti G, Crabtree CR, Runyan T, Vainius AA and Wysocki CJ (2005) Preference for Human Body Odors Is Influenced by Gender and Sexual Orientation . Psychological Science, 16(9) 694-702

*** This study demonstrates that sexual orientation and gender influence individuals' preferences for human body odors, with heterosexual and homosexual males and females showcasing distinct two-choice preferences when presented with body odors from individuals of different gender and sexual orientation combinations, implying that body odor can be a factor in sexual and social partner selection.

Horton R, Wilming L, Rand V, Lovering RC, Bruford EA, Khodiyar VK, Lush MJ, Povey S, Talbot CC Jr, Wright MW, Wain HM, Trowsdale J, Ziegler A, Beck S (2004) 職業發展：你是哪一種類型？ MHC. Nat Rev Genet 5(12):889-899

*** This study characterises an integrated gene map of the extended human MHC, a pivotal region in the vertebrate genome for infection and autoimmunity due to its essential role in both adaptive and innate immunity, highlighting its significant content related to paralogy, polymorphism, immune functionality, and its association with various diseases, providing a comprehensive view stemming from the assimilation of data from several large-scale studies..

Jacob S, McClitock MK, Zelano B and Ober C (2002) 在假定的費洛蒙受體基因 VN1R1 中，一種錯義多態性與社交性行為相關聯。. Nature Genetics, 30:175

*** This study demonstrates that women can discern differences in male body odor influenced by a single variance in HLA (human MHC) allele, with a woman's capacity to distinguish and prefer certain odors notably being based on HLA alleles inherited from her father and not her mother; this suggests that paternally inherited HLA-associated odors influence odor preference and might function as social cues, even despite a milieu of potential odors derived from a variety of genetic and cultural factors..

Milinski M and Wedekind C (2001) 人類孤立群體中HLA、繁殖能力和配偶選擇的研究. Behavioural Ecology 12(2):140-149

*** The study explores the relationship between Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) genotypes and perfume preferences in humans. They discovered a notable correlation between an individual's MHC (specifically HLA-A, -B, -DR) and their ratings of various scents for personal use, with certain HLA types (e.g., HLA-A2) showing consistent scent preferences. However, when it came to preferences for a partner's scent, the correlation was largely insignificant, aligning with the hypothesis that individuals select perfumes for personal use to possibly enhance or amplify their own immunogenetic revealing body odors, rather than to alter the perceived scents of their partners.

Wedekind C, Seebeck T, Bettens F And Paepke AJ (1995) 職業發展：你是哪一種類型？ in humans. Proc.R.Soc.Lond.B. 260:245-249.

*** This study found that people tend to prefer the body odors of potential mates who have different immune system genes than their own, but this preference changes for women on birth control.

發現精子活力與伴侶的HLA不相似性有關，這表明宮頸黏液可能會選擇性地促進免疫基因相容伴侶之間的後續配子融合。.

Jokiniemi A, Magris M, Ritari J, Kuusipalo L, Lundgren T, Partanen J and Kekäläinen J (2020) 交配後的基因配對： 子宮頸黏液對人類精子功能的HLA依賴性影響 Proc Biol Sci., doi: 10.1098/rspb.2020.1682. Epub 2020 Aug 19.

* found an increased frequency of homozygosity for HLA-E*0101 in Egyptian women with RM

Mosaad YM, Abdel-Dayem Y, El-Deek BS and El-Sherbini SM (2011) HLA-E *0101 同型合子與埃及女性反覆流產之間的關聯. Scand J Immunol. 2011 Aug;74(2):205-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2011.02559.x.

提出了一種基因風險計算方法，可以根據分析有成功懷孕或重複流產（RM）歷史的夫妻的HLA單倍型來預測重複流產。.

Mora-Sánchez A, Aguilar-Salvador D, Nowak I (2019) 朝向一個配子匹配平台：利用免疫基因學和人工智慧預測反覆流產NPJ Digit Med Mar 7;2:12. doi: 10.1038/s41746-019-0089-x

進行了41項研究的綜合分析，顯示HLA-B共享和HLA-DR共享均與反覆性流產的發生相關。.

Meuleman T, Lashley LE, Dekkers OM, van Lith J, Claas FH and Bloemenkamp KW (2015) HLA 相關性及 HLA 共享在反覆流產中的系統性回顧與統合分析 Hum Immunol. May;76(5):362-73. doi: 10.1016/j.humimm.2015.02.004.

在與報告的全球RSA患者相比時，識別出HLA-A、HLA-B、HLA-C和HLA-DRB1中的等位基因差異關聯。.

Shankarkumar U, Pawar A, Gaonkar P, Parasannavar D, Salvi V, and Ghosh K (2008) 印度特發性反覆自發性流產患者的HLA等位基因關聯 J Hum Reprod Sci. 2008 Jan;1(1):19-24. doi: 10.4103/0974-1208.39592.

描述Hutterite夫婦之間，個別等位基因的HLA相似性以及HLA單倍型作為胎兒喪失風險增加的指標之間的關係。.

Ober C (1999) 人類孤立群體中HLA、繁殖能力和配偶選擇的研究. Hum Reprod Update 5(2):103-107.

一項為期十年的研究結果顯示，Hutterite 夫妻在 HLA 抗原配對中，胎兒喪失率增加。.

Ober C, Hyslop T, Elias S, Weitkamp LR, Hauck WW (1998) 人類白血球抗原配對與胎兒喪失：一項為期10年的前瞻性研究結果 Human Reproduction, Volume 13, Issue 1, Jan 1998, Pages 33–38

顯示在Hutterite夫婦中，HLA-DQA1等位基因匹配的情況下，自發性流產的復發率增加。

Ober., Steck., Ven., Billstrand., Messer., Kwak., Beaman., Beer (1993) MHC II 類相容性在有反覆自然流產的夫妻的流產胎兒和足月嬰兒中的研究Journal of Reproductive Immunology, Volume 25, Issue 3, December 1993, Pages 195-207