La scienza dietro la compatibilità nelle relazioni.

Dandine-Roulland C, Laurent R, Dall'Ara I, Toupance B e Chaix R (2019) Evidenza genomica per l'accoppiamento disassortativo del MHC negli esseri umani.

Birnbaum GE, Zholtack K, Mizrahi M & Ein-Dor T (2019) La pillola amara: la cessazione dei contraccettivi orali aumenta l'attrattiva di compagni alternativi. Evolutionary Psychological Science volume 5, pages 276–285

*** I contraccettivi ormonali alterano le preferenze delle donne per i compagni verso uomini più premurosi, ma smettere di usarli riporta queste preferenze, aumentando l'attrazione verso uomini più geneticamente compatibili, specialmente durante le fasi di alta fertilità, potenzialmente motivando la ricerca di compagni alternativi.

Wedekind C (2019) Una interacción predicha entre la placidez del olor y la intensidad proporciona evidencia para la señalización social del complejo mayor de histocompatibilidad en mujeres.. Proc. R. Soc. B 285:20172714.

*** Il documento descrive la connessione tra il Complesso Maggiore di Istocompatibilità (MHC) e le preferenze olfattive negli esseri umani, dibattendo le precedenti scoperte e analizzando come la rasatura delle ascelle e altri fattori possano influenzare la percezione dell'odore corporeo e il suo legame con il MHC, con una rianalisi dei dati passati che rivela come la piacevolezza e l'intensità dell'odore possano interagire con la dissimilarità del MHC nell'influenzare la segnalazione sociale attraverso il profumo, implicando una relazione sfumata tra MHC, percezione dell'odore e comunicazione sociale.

Wu K, Chen C, Moyzis RK, Nuno M, Yu Z and Greenberger E (2018) Más que la superficie: Atracción basada en el complejo principal de histocompatibilidad (MHC) entre citas rápidas de asiático-americanos. Evolution and Human Behavior. 39(4):447-456.

*** In un contesto di speed-dating, le donne, ma non gli uomini, hanno mostrato preferenze per i partner basate sulla complementarietà del Complesso Maggiore di Istocompatibilità (MHC) attraverso l'analisi degli SNP, con diversi SNP che influenzano l'attrazione in modo direzionale in base alla vicinanza ai geni HLA principali, e gli indici basati sull'MHC hanno avuto un'influenza comparabile agli attributi di personalità autodichiarati nella previsione delle offerte per un secondo appuntamento per entrambi i generi.

Henningsson S, Hovey D, Vass K, Walum H, Sandnabba K, Santtila P, Jern P, Westberg L (2017) A missense polymorphism in the putative pheromone receptor gene VN1R1 is associated with sociosexual behavior.. Transl Psychiatry. 7(4):e1102.

*** Lo studio trova una significativa associazione tra un polimorfismo nel gene VN1R1, correlato al recettore umano vomeronasale di tipo 1 (parte del sistema che media gli effetti delle feromoni), e il comportamento socio-sessuale nelle donne, in particolare riguardo agli incontri di una notte, suggerendo che il chemosignaling potrebbe svolgere un ruolo nella modulazione delle interazioni sociali umane.

Burger D, Meuwly C, Marti E, Sieme H, Oberthür M, Janda J, Meinecke-Tillmann S e Wedekind C. (2017) Preferenze correlate al MHC nelle cavalle in diestro (Equus caballus).

Sherlock JM, Sidari MJ, Harris EA, Barlow FK, Zietsch BP (2016) Testing the mate-choice hypothesis of the female orgasm: disentangling traits and behaviours . Socioaffect Neurosci Psychol. 6:31562.

*** Lo studio suggerisce che le donne sperimentino frequenze orgasmiche variabili con diversi partner, con quelli che inducono tassi di orgasmo più elevati che vengono percepiti come più umoristici, creativi, calorosi, fedeli e di migliore odore, e che siano anche più attenti alla soddisfazione sessuale del loro partner, supportando parzialmente l'ipotesi della scelta del compagno dell'orgasmo femminile che lo considera come un potenziale meccanismo per selezionare compagni di alta qualità.

Kromer J, Hummel T, Pietrowski D, Giani AS, Sauter J, Ehninger G, Schmidt AH, Croy I (2016) Influencia del HLA en la pareja humana y la satisfacción sexual. Sci Rep. 6:32550.

*** Lo studio indica che negli esseri umani, la dissimilitudine di HLA (un componente genetico del sistema immunitario) può influenzare la selezione del partner e la soddisfazione sessuale, potenzialmente attraverso la rilevazione di segnali olfattivi legati alla compatibilità genetica, in modo simile ai meccanismi osservati in altri animali, promuovendo la diversità genetica e la resistenza contro i patogeni nella prole.

Wlodarski R. and Dunbar RIM. (2015) ¿Qué hay en un beso? El efecto del beso romántico en la deseabilidad de pareja.. Evol Psychol. ; 12(1): 178–199.

*** Questo studio ha scoperto che la percezione della capacità di baciare romanticamente influisce sulle valutazioni dei potenziali compagni, aumentando la desiderabilità soprattutto per le donne in contesti di sesso occasionale, e mentre i segnali visivi possono annullare l'impatto delle informazioni legate al bacio in determinati scenari di accoppiamento, l'influenza di informazioni visive attraenti sembra essere più potente per gli uomini che per le donne, suggerendo il ruolo poliedrico del bacio nel trasmettere la qualità e la desiderabilità del compagno insieme ad altri segnali.

Burger D, Dolivo G, Marti E, Sieme H e Wedekind C. (2015) Il tipo di complesso maggiore di istocompatibilità femminile influisce sui livelli di testosterone maschile e sul numero di spermatozoi nel cavallo (Equus caballus).

Christakis NA and Fowler JH (2014) 'Amicizia e selezione naturale' PNAS. 11:10796–10801.

*** Lo studio dimostra che gli esseri umani tendono a formare amicizie con individui che hanno genotipi simili - simili al livello di cugini di quarto grado - in tutto il genoma, e mentre alcuni genotipi sono correlati positivamente (omofili), altri sono correlati negativamente (eterofili) tra amici, con particolari gruppi genici correlati al sistema olfattivo e immunitario che giocano un ruolo nella formazione delle amicizie, proponendo che gli amici possano agire come "parenti funzionali" e suggerendo che i genotipi omofili possano offrire vantaggi di fitness sinergici che hanno influenzato l'evoluzione umana recente.

Laurent R and Chaix R (2012) A missense polymorphism in the putative pheromone receptor gene VN1R1 is associated with sociosexual behavior. BioEssays. 34(4):267-71.

*** .

Lie HC, Simmons LH and Rhodes G (2010) Estudios de HLA, fertilidad y elección de pareja en un aislado humano . Evolution and Human Behavior 31:8–58.

*** This study explores the influence of genetic factors, particularly the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), on mate preferences in humans, discovering that males tend to prefer MHC-dissimilar females in both short-term and long-term mating contexts, while genetic diversity impacts both male and female partner preferences across different mating contexts, thus supporting a significant role for the MHC in human mate selection and suggesting that these preferences might function to enhance genetic diversity in offspring.

Lie HC, Rhodes G and Simmons LH (2010) Estudios de HLA, fertilidad y elección de pareja en un aislado humano? Animal Behaviour. 79, 4:903-909

*** This study indicates that in humans, particularly females, genetic diversity, especially within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), is associated with greater mating success, measured by the number of sexual partners, supporting the concept that genetic factors, potentially related to immune system functioning, play a role in human mating success, while no significant association was found in males.

Chaix R, Cao C, and Donnelly P (2008) Estudios de HLA, fertilidad y elección de pareja en un aislado humano? PLOS Genetics, 4 (9)

*** The study indicates that while European American populations may prefer MHC-dissimilar mates, selecting for diversity in offspring's immune systems, such a pattern is not found in the examined African population, suggesting MHC's influence on mate choice can be context-dependent and potentially shaped by various factors.

Schwensow N, Fietz J, Dausmann K, Sommer S (2008) MHC-associated mating strategies and the importance of overall genetic diversity in an obligate pair-living primate . Evol Ecol. (22) 617-636

*** The study explores mate choice in the fat-tailed dwarf lemur, finding females prefer males with greater MHC-genetic diversity and lower MHC overlap as both social and genetic fathers, while overall genetic heterozygosity and relatedness do not significantly influence mate selection; extra-pair matings might occur to mitigate genetic incompatibility, highlighting a complex interplay of "good-genes-as-heterozygosity" and "disassortative mating" hypotheses in primate mating strategies.

Wedekind C (2007) Influencia del HLA en la pareja humana y la satisfacción sexual Evolutionary Psychology.5(2): 330-343

*** This experiment reveals a connection between the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) and the verbal descriptions of human body odors, demonstrating that professional perfumers can, to some extent, articulate MHC-correlated body odor components, underscoring the MHC's influence on human olfactory perception and possibly, mate selection, given the MHC's critical role in immune system functioning and previously noted impact on body odor and mate choice.

Garver-Apgar CE, Gangestad SW, Thornill R, Miller RD and Olp JJ (2006) MHC клас II сумісність у викиднях та доношених немовлятах пар з рецидивуючими спонтанними абортами Psychol Sci, 17(10): 830-835.

*** In the context of romantic couples, the study finds that as the proportion of shared Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) alleles increases, women’s sexual responsivity to their partners decreases, while their number of extra-pair sexual partners and attraction to men other than their primary partners, especially during their fertile phase, increases, suggesting that MHC-dissimilarity might play a role in sexual attraction and partner selection, potentially driven by underlying genetic and reproductive strategies to enhance offspring immunocompetence by maintaining genetic diversity.

Roberts CE, Gosling LM, Carter V and Petrie M (2006) Influencia del HLA en la pareja humana y la satisfacción sexual Proc. R. Soc. B 275, 2715–2722

*** This study investigates how oral contraceptives influence women's preferences for certain male odours, which are known to be influenced by genes in the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC). Previous research has indicated that female preference for MHC-dissimilar male odour may function to increase offspring heterozygosity or minimize inbreeding. Interestingly, it has also been suggested that women using oral contraceptives tend to prefer the scent of MHC-similar males, which runs contrary to this logic. The study utilized a longitudinal design to test women before and after initiating contraceptive pill use, comparing their preferences to a control group of non-pill users. While the study didn’t find a significant difference in ratings between odours of MHC-dissimilar and MHC-similar men during the follicular cycle phase in general, it did unearth that single women tended to prefer the odour of MHC-similar men, whereas women in relationships leaned towards the odour of MHC-dissimilar men. This latter finding aligns.

Wedekind C (2006) Influencia del HLA en la pareja humana y la satisfacción sexual ? Evolutionary Psychology. 4:85-94

*** This research discerns relationships between a few MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex) genes and the intensity and pleasantness of men's body odors, discovering that men with at least one homozygous MHC antigen don't emit notably more intense odors than heterozygotes, yet their scents are perceived as significantly stronger by women with dissimilar MHC.

Pause BM, Krauel K, Schrader C, Sojka B, Westphal E, Mu¨ller-Ruchholtz W, and Ferstl R. (2006) The human brain is a detector of chemosensorily transmitted HLA-class I-similarity in same- and opposite-sex relations Proc. R. Soc. B (2006) 273, 471–478 doi:10.1098/rspb.2005.3342

*** This study reveals that humans subconsciously detect and respond to body odors from individuals with similar HLA (Human Leucocyte Antigen) genetic markers, which might play a critical role in social interactions and mate selection by acting as subtle social signals within both same-sex and opposite-sex relationships..

Martins Y, Preti G, Crabtree CR, Runyan T, Vainius AA and Wysocki CJ (2005) Preference for Human Body Odors Is Influenced by Gender and Sexual Orientation . Psychological Science, 16(9) 694-702

*** This study demonstrates that sexual orientation and gender influence individuals' preferences for human body odors, with heterosexual and homosexual males and females showcasing distinct two-choice preferences when presented with body odors from individuals of different gender and sexual orientation combinations, implying that body odor can be a factor in sexual and social partner selection.

Horton R, Wilming L, Rand V, Lovering RC, Bruford EA, Khodiyar VK, Lush MJ, Povey S, Talbot CC Jr, Wright MW, Wain HM, Trowsdale J, Ziegler A, Beck S (2004) Sviluppo professionale: Qual è il tuo tipo MHC. Nat Rev Genet 5(12):889-899

*** This study characterises an integrated gene map of the extended human MHC, a pivotal region in the vertebrate genome for infection and autoimmunity due to its essential role in both adaptive and innate immunity, highlighting its significant content related to paralogy, polymorphism, immune functionality, and its association with various diseases, providing a comprehensive view stemming from the assimilation of data from several large-scale studies..

Jacob S, McClitock MK, Zelano B and Ober C (2002) A missense polymorphism in the putative pheromone receptor gene VN1R1 is associated with sociosexual behavior.. Nature Genetics, 30:175

*** This study demonstrates that women can discern differences in male body odor influenced by a single variance in HLA (human MHC) allele, with a woman's capacity to distinguish and prefer certain odors notably being based on HLA alleles inherited from her father and not her mother; this suggests that paternally inherited HLA-associated odors influence odor preference and might function as social cues, even despite a milieu of potential odors derived from a variety of genetic and cultural factors..

Milinski M and Wedekind C (2001) Estudios de HLA, fertilidad y elección de pareja en un aislado humano. Behavioural Ecology 12(2):140-149

*** The study explores the relationship between Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) genotypes and perfume preferences in humans. They discovered a notable correlation between an individual's MHC (specifically HLA-A, -B, -DR) and their ratings of various scents for personal use, with certain HLA types (e.g., HLA-A2) showing consistent scent preferences. However, when it came to preferences for a partner's scent, the correlation was largely insignificant, aligning with the hypothesis that individuals select perfumes for personal use to possibly enhance or amplify their own immunogenetic revealing body odors, rather than to alter the perceived scents of their partners.

Wedekind C, Seebeck T, Bettens F And Paepke AJ (1995) Sviluppo professionale: Qual è il tuo tipo in humans. Proc.R.Soc.Lond.B. 260:245-249.

*** This study found that people tend to prefer the body odors of potential mates who have different immune system genes than their own, but this preference changes for women on birth control.

se encontró que la viabilidad del esperma estaba asociada con la disimilitud HLA de las parejas, lo que indica que el moco cervical puede facilitar selectivamente la fusión posterior de gametos entre parejas inmunogenéticamente compatibles..

Jokiniemi A, Magris M, Ritari J, Kuusipalo L, Lundgren T, Partanen J and Kekäläinen J (2020) Post-copulatory genetic matchmaking: HLA-dependent effects of cervical mucus on human sperm function Proc Biol Sci., doi: 10.1098/rspb.2020.1682. Epub 2020 Aug 19.

* found an increased frequency of homozygosity for HLA-E*0101 in Egyptian women with RM

Mosaad YM, Abdel-Dayem Y, El-Deek BS and El-Sherbini SM (2011) Association entre l'homozygotie HLA-E *0101 et les fausses couches récurrentes chez les femmes égyptiennes. Scand J Immunol. 2011 Aug;74(2):205-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2011.02559.x.

proponía un cálculo de riesgo genético que podría predecir el aborto espontáneo recurrente (RM) basado en el análisis de haplotipos HLA de parejas con antecedentes de embarazos exitosos o RM..

Mora-Sánchez A, Aguilar-Salvador D, Nowak I (2019) Vers un plateforme de correspondance de gamètes : utiliser l'immunogénétique et l'intelligence artificielle pour prédire les fausses couches récurrentes.NPJ Digit Med Mar 7;2:12. doi: 10.1038/s41746-019-0089-x

ha realizado un meta-análisis de 41 estudios y mostró que el compartir HLA-B y el compartir HLA-DR estaban ambos asociados con la ocurrencia de RM..

Meuleman T, Lashley LE, Dekkers OM, van Lith J, Claas FH and Bloemenkamp KW (2015) HLA ассоциации и HLA совместное использование при повторных выкидышах: систематический обзор и мета-анализ Hum Immunol. May;76(5):362-73. doi: 10.1016/j.humimm.2015.02.004.

identificado asociación diferencial de alelos en HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C y HLA-DRB1 en comparación con los pacientes de RSA reportados en el mundo.

Shankarkumar U, Pawar A, Gaonkar P, Parasannavar D, Salvi V, and Ghosh K (2008) HLA allele associations in idiopathic recurrent spontaneous abortion patients from India J Hum Reprod Sci. 2008 Jan;1(1):19-24. doi: 10.4103/0974-1208.39592.

The relationship between HLA (human leukocyte antigen) similarity at individual alleles and HLA haplotypes in the context of fetal loss among Hutterite couples is a complex interplay of genetic factors. HLA genes play a crucial role in the immune system, and their compatibility between partners can significantly influence reproductive outcomes. In Hutterite couples, studies have shown that higher HLA similarity, particularly at specific alleles, may be associated with an increased risk of fetal loss. This is thought to.

Ober C (1999) Estudios de HLA, fertilidad y elección de pareja en un aislado humano. Hum Reprod Update 5(2):103-107.

rezultati 10-godišnje studije koja je pokazala povećane stope gubitka fetusa među Hutterit parovima koji se podudaraju po HLA antigenima.

Ober C, Hyslop T, Elias S, Weitkamp LR, Hauck WW (1998) Antígeno leucocitario humano emparejamiento y pérdida fetal: resultados de un estudio prospectivo de 10 años Human Reproduction, Volume 13, Issue 1, Jan 1998, Pages 33–38

demonstrou taxas aumentadas de aborto espontâneo recorrente entre casais Hutterite que combinam para alelos HLA-DQA1

Ober., Steck., Ven., Billstrand., Messer., Kwak., Beaman., Beer (1993) MHC клас II сумісність у викиднях та доношених немовлятах пар з рецидивуючими спонтанними абортамиJournal of Reproductive Immunology, Volume 25, Issue 3, December 1993, Pages 195-207